What is Damascus steel?


The steel swords of Damascus are made of a process called Damascus pattern bent of welded steel. Custom Damascus Folding knives with pattern is a stratified steel process that uses traditional techniques to distribute carbon. In the past, blacksmiths discovered that adding carbon to steel made steel much stronger. The problem they faced was that the carbon was difficult to distribute evenly through the blade. This caused parts of the sword to be too hard, while other parts were too soft. The hard leaves lacked the flexibility to resist hard blows. This lack of flexibility would cause the sword to fracture or break completely. The soft leaves would deform or quickly lose their advantage. Without adequate carbon distribution, the swords were not structurally sound.


This led the blacksmiths to create folded steel. The steel bending process consisted in applying layers of steel to the carbon, heating them and hammering them evenly to distribute the carbon. The high-carbon steel remained very hard, even after this folding process, so the blacksmiths began to add layers of softer metals and steels to the stratification process. This allowed the blacksmiths to control the amount of carbon in the sword, thus softening the steel so that it became flexible while remaining hard. This created the positive effect of the swords beautifully layered. The stratification also allowed an easy visual observation of the carbon distribution within the sword. This allowed the buyers of the swords to visually inspect the sword with a limited need to test it.

How is it done now?

Modern technology allows carbon to be distributed without this process. Most Damascus steel swords are made of mixed steel that are stamped or painted to obtain the effect of the bent steel. Although the bent steel is no longer needed for the manufacture of swords, it provides excellent swords and maintains the beauty of a traditional sword. For example, Battling Blades, a Damascus steel and high carbon steel design and fabrication company, uses a detailed and highly intricate technique of Damascus steel. Blacksmiths use 11 pieces of steel, including five layers of steel 1095, fold the layers five times, forming 352 layers. Steel 1095 is the steel with the highest carbon content commonly used in swords. It has a carbon level of .95%, which is one of the highest carbon levels for any type of steel used in spades. The most common high-carbon swords and Damascus high-carbon steel swords are made from 1045 steel that only has a 45% carbon content in the steel. Steel 1045 is usually not hard enough to hold a sharp edge in a sword. In contrast, 1095 steel is optimal for maintaining an edge and is an incredibly hard steel. Steel 1095 typically has a hardness of 56-58 HRC. The combination of 1095 steel with carbon steels # 43 and # 40 creates the perfect combination of hardness and durability with a Rockwell hardness rating between 55 and 56 HRC. This is similar to the hardness of 1060 steel that maintains optimal strength and flexibility. An example of the folding process and the steel layers is below. This is the process used by the blacksmiths of Battling Blades to make damask steel with high carbon content for their swords.

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